Stevens, T. A., To, Y., Stevenson, S. J., & Lochbaum, M. R. (2008). Nelson, M. C., & Gordon-Larsen, P. (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.01770710.1123/jsep.25.2.205, Marsh, H. W., & Roche, L. A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.01770710.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.015. There are several limitations to the study. Students’ increases in self-esteem were found to directly influence achievement and operate as an intermediary between school sports and achievement. Also, logistic regressions found that only the number of parents with whom the student lives (i.e., two parents; p = .001) was a statistically significant predictor on a dichotomous indicator of the missingness in school sports (n = 278). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Preventive Medicine, 52, S3–S9. The physical self and processes in self-esteem development. Student-athletes should be expected to successfully balance both requirements by excelling in their academic study areas and their competitive sports. An observational study of 988 German high school students found that participation in regular physical activity and/or exercise was statistically significantly associated with more favorable self-reported BI, concluding that physical activity is a useful starting point for addressing self-esteem and BI issues among adolescents (Kirkcaldy, Shephard, & Siefen, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.01770710.1017/S1368980099000567. Statement of the Problem Previous research has shown that athletic participation can enhance the academic achievement of student athletes at the high school level. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1692, Pate, R. R., Davis, M. G., Robinson, T. N., Stone, E. J., McKenzie, T. L., & Young, J. C. (2006). On the whole, participation in sports is considered a boon to society and an activity that harkens back to society’s primitive days. These study features have potential to inform the development, implementation, and evaluation of school sports interventions to promote school success.Figure 1. Lastly, missingness due to item nonresponse was found for 0.3% of cases on academic achievement, 8.7% of school sports, upward of 1.6% on self-esteem, upward of 1.4% on body-weight image, and upward of 0.3% on the demographic covariates. endobj Sports and academic performance of students has been a topic of debate for years. These findings suggest that the relationship between sport participation and academic achievement may be influenced … American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, S195–S208. 13 0 obj (2011). (1986). The sample demonstrated high academic-achievement scores (M = 4.25, SD = 1.10), with 58.3% of students reporting recent grades of “mostly As and Bs” and 23.8% reporting “mostly Bs and Cs.” Raw academic achievement scores were 6.1% higher for students participating in school sports compared with those who were not. Tomporowski, P. D., Lambourne, K., & Okumura, M. S. (2011). 46 0 obj Children’s healthy weight and the school environment. Results from the extracurricular activities alternative model also demonstrated acceptable fit: χ2 (84, N = 3,186) = 267.396, p = .000; CFI = .991; TLI = .987; RMSEA = .026 (90% CI [.023, .030]). 11 0 obj Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. The conceptual model (Figure 1) follows SEM conventions by having rectangles denote observed variables and ovals denote latent variables (Bollen, 1989; Bowen & Guo, 2012). Results showed intraclass correlation coefficients signaling statistically significant clustering effects (ρ ≤ .038) in the data, indicating that a small percentage of the variance of item scores was due to school-level characteristics (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002). And the significant effect of the variable male on body-weight image was .187. Suggestions for school sports promotion include expanding the ease of entry and scope for existing school sports programs, and adding new opportunities that may appeal to students who heretofore may not have participated in school sports due to limited offerings. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. 3 0 obj BI is increasingly examined as a key predictor of self-esteem, a variety of daily life actions, and long-term developmental outcomes. The full structural model also demonstrated acceptable fit: χ2 (83, N = 3,186) = 270.831, p < .001; CFI = .990; TLI = .986; RMSEA = .027 (90% CI [.023, .030]). These findings indicated high levels of nonnormality and, thus, a need to reject the null hypothesis that the data were normally distributed (Finney & DiStefano, 2006). Most parents believe that active involvement in sports and games may affect the studies and hinder the professional career of their children. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.01770710.1080/02701367.1996.10607921, Maxwell, S. E., Cole, D. A., & Mitchell, M. A. In terms of measurement, child self-reports are often viewed as unreliable, and objectively measured variables (e.g., teacher reports), especially regarding academic-achievement grades outcomes, would perhaps provide more robust and valid measurement. He concluded that participation in high school sports had a greater influence on student achievement than did other extracurricular activities. Sports participation reported in a positive relationship with health and academic achievement. All items were adapted from Rosenberg’s widely used scale for measuring self-esteem among adolescents (Rosenberg, 1965; Rosenberg, Schooler, Schoenbach, & Rosenberg, 1995). Clustering effects were accounted for with the Mplus “CLUSTER” option. doi:10.1007/BF02936336, Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Not overtly specified in Tomporowski and colleagues’ (2011) physical-activity model but long conceptualized to be closely related to self-esteem—if not a core component of it (Fox, 1999; Marsh & Roche, 1996; Sonstroem & Morgan, 1989)—body image (BI) is an individual’s valuation of their physical body. There was a StdYX total effect from extracurricular activities to academic achievement of .170 (p = .000). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. Correspondence regarding this article should be directed to Christopher J. Wretman, School of Social Work, CB #3550, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 or via e-mail to [email protected], Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). The supporters of sports program in educational institutions say that participation in sports improves students’ grades, academic achievement, raises their educational aspirations, and keep them in schools and colleges. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6005.pdf, Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The five responses included the standard SSP options of mostly Ds and Fs (1), mostly Cs and Ds (2), mostly Cs (3), mostly Bs and Cs (4), and mostly As and Bs (5). School sport and academic achievement. Conclusions: Sport participation is positively related to academic achievement but the relationship diverges when students are compared across sex and by parental education. Sobel’s test found two significant indirect effects from extracurricular activities to academic achievement: −.007 via self-esteem and body-weight image (p = .022), and .017 via self-esteem only (p = .017). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Wanting to take some sort of action, the researcher decided to explore the impact sports participation has on the current middle school students. This study suggests that these two variables warrant further investigation within the growing field of school physical-activity research. Based on the nature of the data and the specified research questions, latent variable SEM was chosen as the most optimal analytic technique. Exacting beauty. AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Linux Kernel 2.6 64bit Oct 2 2014 Library 10.1.0 Although locally representative, the students included in this study are relatively homogenous in terms of race and ethnicity. Nonnormal and categorical data in structural equation models. Other research has found that sports participation in natural environments (e.g., outdoor soccer) may impart benefits not found by participating indoors (Mitchell, 2013). Self-concept: Validation of construct interpretations. English was the primary language spoken in 95.5% of the students’ homes, and the majority (74.8%) resided in a two-parent family. Appligent AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Based on these findings, and those of others, school stakeholders should consider encouraging student participation in sports when possible. Some other factors may also be involved in this regard including parental support and self-esteem. In S. Leinhardt (Ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Keeley, T. J., & Fox, K. R. (2009). Early physical-activity researchers adapted long-standing theories of self-esteem and general child development and applied those theories to children’s physical-activity promotion. <>/MediaBox[0 0 792 612]/Parent 13 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> <> School athletic participation: Mostly gain with little pain. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748175610373459, Dobbins, M., Husson, H., DeCorby, K., & LaRocca, R. L. (2013). Instead, model fit was assessed using three other metrics: the comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). �ap�l��)D[�|̰��n�+�p��:$��D�2�D�ܮg>�q���V%ؒdU�r��W~b���F���F��'=0ڗ3 `�(�'�3�D���y�Y��y�]�x���yO�4��k���MA~���mh�%��X+�fO*uZ����&vW������C�z.J�����תo�%��v�m�F�e����~�o|E?�4⮸�����R�%�"���� C�N/=�DLRi\(G�دڍ@���DxE��E^�1��/e�@Q%.xo�'�X��NmB� أb���—\���aT�r16n� U��8���7�c���r�� :>�M�#��BѢ��� gNK9K�YZ!��"�ϸe(hT���x���Aqy��O�B��f��gE��R�v��#R�a�-��4��v?�}^��w� .� �/��H4��R�&X:鄴�ˍu-K� ��}�#��� Ĺ(������4 �:�.KA� ���M Raw body-weight image scores were 5.5% higher for students participating in school sports compared with nonparticipants. It may be that by participating in sports within and under the auspices of the school strengthens bonds with teammates/classmates and coaches/teachers. On first glance, I’d probably tell you that participating in a sport has a profound negative affect in the classroom for a few different reasons, but according to professors and researchers alike, there may be a wealthy amount of benefits as well. Promoting physical activity in children and youth: A leadership role for schools: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Physical Activity Committee) in collaboration with the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and Cardiovascular Nursing. Academic Achievement as Inf luenced by Sports. As a report commissioned by the LA84 Foundation and written by Douglas Hartmann of the University of Minnesota found, the "research has time and again demonstrated a strong and positive correlation between high school sports participation and academic achievement. Thus, it is believed that BI may mediate the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem. This study sought to examine the relations between sports participation, academic achievement, and self-efficacy in high school students. Final structural model. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 392–414. A meta-analysis of observational studies (n = 11) at the adolescent and high school level found that when comparing athletes versus nonathletes, the former had an overall effect size of −0.38 (n = 42) on measures of negative body image (Hausenblas & Downs, 2001). Body image and self-esteem among adolescents undergoing an intervention targeting dietary and physical activity behaviors. endobj Sonstroem, R. J., & Morgan, W. P. (1989). Students were first asked whether they had “… participated in any school activities during the current school year that are not part of class work, such as sports or school clubs.” If students answered positively, they were then prompted to check as many of the nine options for extracurricular activities listed on the SSP as were applicable to them. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(5). B., & Wu, W. (2012). The authors concluded that participation in sports was linked with more positive thoughts about their physical bodies for the children in the included studies in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Evidence strongly suggests that physical activity and school sports behaviors for middle and high school students vary differentially based on core demographic characteristics such as those included here (e.g., Dobbins, Husson, DeCorby, & LaRocca, 2013; Kann et al., 2014; Trudeau & Shephard, 2008). He decided that providing numbers to administration, showing a correlation between sports participation and higher academic achievement existed, would help support the need for athletic funding. (2011). Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.01770710.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466, Fox, C. K., Barr-Anderson, D., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Wall, M. (2010). This has especially important ramifications for children because their brains and intellect are still developing. The academic performance of sports participants are compared with those of non-participants in terms of their outcomes in the form of grades. Body image and body shape ideals in magazines: Exposure, awareness, and internalization. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.01770710.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.09.026, Johnston, L. D., Delva, J., & O’Malley, P. M. (2007). This boost in a person’s opinion of his or her physical image, in turn, fosters general confidence that can pay dividends in other domains, including those related to self-esteem and academic achievement. Society and the adolescent self-image. Students who participated in some form of school sports or athletics (e.g., basketball, tennis, soccer) demonstrated a direct association with increases in self-reported recent grades. More broadly, Rasberry and colleagues (2011) systematically reviewed 127 positive associations between school-based physical activity (including school sports) and academic achievement across 50 unique studies of various designs published until 2008. Physical activity interventions and children’s mental function: An introduction and overview. Although this notion is prevalent, research consistently shows that physical activity promotes classroom performance and should be emphasized in schools (e.g., Keeley & Fox, 2009; Rasberry et al., 2011; Trudeau & Shephard, 2008). <>/MediaBox[0 0 792 612]/Parent 13 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> The sample was relatively high achieving academically, with recent grades of “mostly As and Bs” reported by 58.3% of the students. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00741.x. Washington, DC: Author. Self-esteem scores were 4.8% higher for students participating in school sports compared with nonparticipants. Overall, model results demonstrated that school sports participation had a StdYX total effect of .225 (.186 + .012 + .027; p < .001) on academic achievement scores.Figure 2. Third, comparisons with an alternative model using nonsports activities suggest that school sports may be distinct from the other extracurricular activities that occur in school. Education 2017, 7(3): 53-57 DOI: 10.5923/j.edu.20170703.03 Academic Achievement as Influenced by Sports Participation in Selected Universities in the Philippines 111–140). Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 185–199. Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation: Partial and complete mediation under an autoregressive model. There were two modeled direct paths (γ11, β12) and two indirect paths (γ21 + β12, γ31 + β23 + β12) from school sports to academic achievement. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.01770710.1080/10705519909540118, Huang, J. S., Norman, G. J., Zabinski, M. F., Calfas, K., & Patrick, K. (2007). Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. This is despite promising evidence that school sports may promote both physical activity and student academic outcomes due to important social contexts, increased involvement with school resources, and identification with school values (Marsh & Kleitman, 2003; Trudeau & Shephard, 2008). Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 323–339. Health Education & Behavior, 37, 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.01770710.1080/104132001753144437, Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Although the model herein does not emphasize demographic characteristics, it accounts for the influences of such factors with six covariate variables. All three research questions were answered affirmatively. • RQ3: Is the relationship between school-based sports and grades-based achievement indirectly influenced by increases in positive BI perceptions? Self-efficacy has been linked to both sports participation and academic achievement, but no study has examined these three variables together. In all, there exists a great need for additional research that extends the robust findings linking general physical activity and academic achievement to school sports. The positive body-weight image SSP subscale (Bowen & Richman, 2008) was measured with three items asking about weight-based body image perceptions: (a) “I weigh too much,” (b) “I wish that I could lose weight,” and (c) “I worry a lot about my weight.” Response options were identical to those for self-esteem. Latent variable structural equation modeling was used with appropriate estimation methods for the nonnormal, ordinal, and clustered data. 01. Crossref reports the following articles citing this article: Author guidelines and submission instructions, Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, Unpacking Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Associations between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Academic Achievement: Mediation of Future Orientation and Moderation of Parental Support, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01319-6, Studying Well and Performing Well: A Bayesian Analysis on Team and Individual Rowing Performance in Dual Career Athletes, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.583409, Characteristics of Secondary Age Students With Intellectual Disability Who Participate in School-Sponsored Extracurricular Activities, Racial and Linguistic Status Differences in the Effect of Interscholastic Sport Participation on School Engagement and Academic Performance Among High School Students, Sport Participation, Locus of Control, and Academic Performance among Early Adolescents: Racial and Linguistic Status Differences, https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2018.1564098. Conducting measurement invariance tests with ordinal data: A guide for social work researchers. White students comprised the majority (83.7%) of the sample, with mixed race (5.5%) and African American (3.9%) students comprising the next two largest subpopulations. Sibley and Etnier (2003) conducted a meta-analysis of observational, quasi-experimental, and experimental studies examining exercise interventions and physical education participation with the overarching goal of determining whether physical activity could positively promote children’s cognitive abilities. Following conventions in SEM (Bowen & Guo, 2012), it can be said that the model demonstrates that school sports participation likely has a partially mediated effect on achievement. Academic achievement has long been of interest to social workers concerned with child development, and research has consistently found that physical activity—regardless of type—can promote children’s academic outcomes. <>/MediaBox[0 0 792 612]/Parent 13 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj The measurement model based on the polychoric correlation matrix exhibited acceptable fit according to the prespecified criteria: χ2 (32, N = 3184) = 325.584, p < .001; CFI = .990; TLI = .986; RMSEA = .054 (90% CI [.048, .059]). The original, negatively worded response options were recoded so that higher scores indicated more positive perceptions of one’s body weight. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 205–228. Social Science & Medicine, 91, 130–134. Bowen, N. K., & Guo, S. (2012). Exercise and self-esteem: Rationale and model. The attainment of such a body often results in internalized self-worth at having secured external value (Cusumano & Thompson, 1997; Thompson et al., 1999). Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. 2018-12-18T05:23:13-08:00 The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: A systematic review of the literature. Currently, multiple physical-activity models have been proposed and tested, but there appears to be little consensus regarding which factors are most evidence-based (Kristjánsson et al., 2010). Such findings could have important implications for the model’s appropriateness for certain students and could inform future social work interventions in this area. 44 0 obj The supporters of sports program in educational institutions say that participation in sports improves students’ grades, academic achievement, raises their educational aspirations, and keep them in schools and colleges. The School Success Profile. Journal of School Health, 83, 8–13. Also, physical activity can promote cell stability and ameliorate the negative effects of stress on the body (Puterman et al., 2010). Public Health Nutrition, 2, 411–418. By increasing the proportion of students participating in sports, schools may be able to marginally increase their students’ grades. Thus, χ2 was not used to assess fit here and has been reported only for reference. The measurement model’s acceptability was also assessed by examining the strength and significance of individual item loadings and by the significance of the latent factor variances. BI varies conceptually but broadly relates to an individual’s perceptions and attitudes related to his or her physical body, typically in terms of weight, fatness, appearance, and overall body size (Huang, Norman, Zabinski, Calfas, & Patrick, 2007; Marsh & Roche, 1996). doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431. Second, it identifies factors that can be specifically targeted in physical-activity interventions, potentially increasing overall efficacy and population- and context-specific efficacy.